Buffalo School Board Governance

The Board of Education of the Buffalo City School District consists of nine members elected annually by the voters of the school district. Six members represent sub-districts within the city in three-year terms. Three members serve in an “at-large” capacity for five-year terms. A School board member must be a citizen of the United States, qualified to vote, able to read and write, eighteen (18) years of age or older, a qualified voter of the District, and the only member of their family serving on the board. At-large members must be residents of the school district for at least three years prior to the election. If representing a sub-district, a candidate must be a resident of the sub district for one year prior to the election as well as lived in the school district for three years prior. No member may be a candidate for or hold another elected office while serving on the school board

\u3ci\u3eEpinotia Nisella\u3c/i\u3e: an Unrecorded Host and Mode of Feeding (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The larva of Epinotia nisella is best known as a feeder in female catkins of Populus, primarily P. tremuloides Michx. in North America. In Minnesota, adults were reared from larvae boring in current-growth branchlets of P. balsamifera L., with no sign of like infestation in neighboring P. tremuloides, which has thinner branchlets. The behavioral variance is explained as plasticity in feeding biology, a characteristic of insects utilizing host reproductive structures whose abundance is periodic

Weights of \u3ci\u3ePolia Grandis\u3c/i\u3e Pupae Reared at Two Constant Temperatures (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sibling Polia grandis (Boisduval) larvae were reared at two constant temperatures on fresh foliage of quaking aspen (Populus tvemuloides Michx.). Female pupae developing at 25°C were 24% heavier than those developing at 30°C and corresponding males were 32% heavier. Duration of the larval period averaged 51 days at the former temperature and 41 days at the latter. Based on other Lepidoptera, a 24% change in pupal weight affects fecundity by 28 to 130 eggs per female. Fluctuations in larval temperature regime might induce size and fecundity variation in natural populations of grandis and other Lepidoptera

[Review of] David Mason, ed. Explaining Ethnic Differences: Changing Patterns of Disadvantage in Britain

A series of communal disturbances took place in several north of England towns during the spring and summer of 2001. They were notable for the participation of young, male Asians, a significant proportion of them Muslims...as against African-Caribbeans (21)

Annual Variation in Starting Date of Spring Feeding by the European Pine Shoot Moth in a Michigan Planting

New tents spun in five successive springs by the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana [Schiff.] ) in a Michigan planting of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) occurred about 2 days later each year. This trend is believed due to habitat cooling as trees grow larger. In another planting feeding was more advanced on small trees than on large trees

\u3ci\u3ePammene Perstructana\u3c/i\u3e (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Identified After More Than a Century

Sciaphila perstructana Walker has been known only from the female holotype, and Pammelle signifera (Heinrich) only from males. Based on associated males and females from the Great Lakes area. the two names apply to one species. The resulting synonymy leads to a new combination. Pammene perstructana, and finally associates a species with this long-battling specitlc name

Change in Nutritional Quality of Detached Aspen and Willow Foliage Used as Insect Food in the Laboratory

Leaves of Populus tremuloides and Salix babylonica held in the laboratory as for feeding insects were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phenolics, and total sugars at 0, 3, and 6 days. More often than not, the three components varied due to leaf age, time since excision, or temperature. Temporal changes altered nutritional balance and probable impact on insect performance, Results suggest that other woody plant species would not remain nutritionally stable for long in the laboratory

A New Species of \u3ci\u3eLaspeyresia\u3c/i\u3e from Michigan (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

Laspeyresia lacustrina is described from four specimens, all female, captured in flight at two locations in Lower Michigan. On the exterior, the moth most resembles L. populana Busck and several other eastern species; its genitalia most resemble the western L. lautiuscula Heinrich. With wing length 8.4 to 9.4 mm, L. lacustrina is among the largest North American members of the genus

Nearctic Rhyacionia Pine Tip Moths: a Revised Identity and a New Species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Moths now identified as Rhyacionia busckana are a mix of two long-confused sibling species. The name R. busckana applies to the species with male antennal pecten length subequal to antennal segment length. and with female sterigma width threecfold or more ostium bursae width. The name R. granti applies to the previously undescribed species ltype locality Iron Bridge, Algoma District, Ontario) with male antennal pecten length at least two-fold antennal segment length, and with female sterigma width less than three-fold ostium bursae width. Structural differences were discovered after sex attractant studies revealed differences in behavioral physiology and phenology. In the Great Lakes region, R. busckana larvae feed on Pinus resinosa and P. sylvestris, and Rhyacionia granti larvae feed on Pinus banksiana

Ramsey pricing with long run competition

Ramsey pricing of regulated firm services is often considered impractical because of stringent informational requirements. However in cases where demands for regulated firm services are independent and a marginal cost pricing competitive fringe exists, the simple inverse elasticity rule for Ramsey pricing has been shown to apply. This paper extends this result to show that only limited demand elasticity data for the regulated firm is required to apply the same rule, more generally, when zero profits and constant prices exist in the competitive sector in the long run.